The Innocence Project A National Litigation Organization

Part One: What is the Innocence Project? The Innocence Project is, â€Å"a national litigation organization that is dedicated to acquitting wrongfully convicted â€Å"criminals† through DNA testing and through reforming the system to prevent further injustice† (The Innocence). The Innocence project was founded by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld at Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in 1992, and became a nonprofit organization in 2004. In addition to our co-directors and a managing attorney, there are six full-time staff attorneys and nearly 300 active cases. As a clinic, the law students handle the casework while being supervised by the team of attorneys and clinic staff. To determine whether or not to represent a case the Innocence Project gathers extensive information about each case application, and their intake and evaluation staff researches each potential case thoroughly. The legal staff ultimately determines whether DNA testing can be performed and, if so, whether or not the re sults will be favorable in innocence. The length of time spent on each case depends on how quickly evidence is found and secured; how long it takes to test the evidence. The Innocence Project also faces many hurdles in litigating theses cases. They include time-consuming and thorough efforts to find evidence; damaged evidence that cannot be correctly tested; lost or destroyed evidence; and prosecutorial objections. From the time a case is accepted, it can take between a year andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Preventing the Injustice of Wrongful Imprisonment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesexonerated of all charges with thanks to post conviction DNA testing. The â€Å"Innocence Project†, â€Å"a national litigation and public policy organization dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted people through DNA testing and reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustices† , came to Jerry Millers representation and helped him to obtain the court order he needed to test the DNA to prove his own innocence. â€Å"Just since 2000, there have been 135 DNA-based exonerations†¦.. 14 peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay : Convicting The Innocent1938 Words   |  8 Pagesin capital cases from 1900-1955. During the time of the study, they came to the conclusion that at least 23 innocent people were executed (Leo Gould, 2009). In 1992, Bedau and Radelet conducted another study and published the book In Spite of Innocence, which identified 66 more wrongful convictions. It is estimated that there are as many as 7,500 persons arrested for index crimes that include murder or manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicleRead MoreEssay on Exonerating Wrongly Convicted People2162 Words   |  9 Pagesexonerated if their innocence is proven to be the case. Even though the right to appeal is the inmates right, some people are not familiar with the steps needed to come out with a verdict they will be content w ith. In this instance the Innocence Project would be the inmate’s number one recourse. The Innocence Project has a worldwide website that describes their history and purpose. The website describes the Innocence Project as â€Å"a national litigation and public policy organization dedicated to exoneratingRead MoreThe Innocence Project3514 Words   |  15 Pages The Innocence Project Author: Naomi Douglas Date: 9th March 2012 Contents * The Innocence Project Organisation * Death Row * Two Cases * Niamh Gunn * YouTube, Books * References The Innocence Project Organisation: This Organisation is a non-profit Legal organisation dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted people through DNA testing and reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustices. The Innocence Project was establishedRead MoreThe Innocence Project3527 Words   |  15 PagesTitle: The Innocence Project Author: Naomi Douglas Date: 9th March 2012 Contents * The Innocence Project Organisation * Death Row * Two Cases * Niamh Gunn * YouTube, Books * References The Innocence Project Organisation: This Organisation is a non-profit Legal organisation dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted people through DNA testing and reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustices. The Innocence Project was established inRead MoreThe Problem With Eyewitness Testimony Essay2517 Words   |  11 Pagesfalse convictions. The Innocence Project is a national litigation and public policy organization that has been dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted people through DNA testing. Since their inception in 1992, they have helped overturn 311 wrongful convictions in the United States, as of the date of this paper. Of those 311 cases, they have determined that misidentification has contributed to approximately 73% of those wrongful convictions (The Innocence Project). That is an extremelyRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Most Severe Form Of All Sentencing2525 Words   |  11 Pagesthe 1790s that withheld capital punishment, abolishing it for certain types of cri mes. Five states, for example, limited the death penalty to cases of murder. (Guernsey, 2009) The jury and sentencing During the eighteen hundreds, the first national death penalty abolition society was founded, titled the American Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment. In 1846, the state of Michigan abolished the death penalty for all crimes, except treason, and replaced the death penalty with lifeRead MoreThe Right to a Trial by Jury7039 Words   |  29 Pagesthat parties are finding more effective, faster, and more cost-effective means of adjudicating legal disputes through alternative dispute resolution (ADR) forums that are evolving to an ever-increasing degree. The American Jury Project (AJP) of 2005, a national symposium of the American Bar Association, was held to establish the standards and principles for juries and jury trials. Principle 1 states that â€Å"the right to a jury trial should be preserved; however, the lack of available jurorsRead MoreDistinction Between Civil And Criminal Law3262 Words   |  14 PagesDr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow 2014-2015 FOUNDATION OF LAW PROJECT ON DISTINCTION BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW Submitted to: Submitted by: Mr. Manwendra Kumar Tiwari Nishant Kumar Assistant Professor (Law) ROLL NO. 83 1st semester TABLE OF CONTENTRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Global Economy10535 Words   |  43 PagesGlobal Values The Multinational Corporation Sexual and Racial Discrimination Human Rights Price Discrimination Bribery Harmful Products Pollution and the Natural Environment Telecommunications Issues Intellectual-Property Protection World Trade Organization To understand the role of culture as a factor in business ethics To discuss cultural relativism and global business ethics To explore global values To assess the role of multinational corporations in business ethics To gain awareness of a number

Google s New Generation Of Search Engines - 1551 Words

Introduction Silicon Valley is known for being the focal point of cutting edge advancement and improvement. It is the home to various technology organizations and a continually developing populace of new businesses. Google is one of the cutting edge developments that started in Silicon Valley by Stanford University students Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google was launched on September 4, 1998 as a privately held company. The company pioneered the new generation of search engines that determined a website s relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, which is different from the conventional search engines that ranked results. Larry Page, Google s co-founder, once described the â€Å"perfect search engine† as†¦show more content†¦This advantage has manifested with the Google s businesses and is the reason why it continues to grow. The company uses a system that group employees to carry out the necessary functions; for example, the organization has a Sales Operations group, an Engineering and Design Team, and a Product Management Team, among others. A flat organizational structure means that Google’s employees, teams or groups can bypass middle management and report directly to CEO Larry Page. Every employee is conditioned to contribute innovative ideas. The organizational culture setting gives those employees the opportunity to not hesitate when it comes to sharing their thoughts and opinion.The general vibe at Google is warm on the grounds that the organizational culture maintains a small-company-family feel, where individuals can easily talk and impart thoughts to each other, including CEO Larry Page. In this manner, Google s organizational culture supports excellence in innovation through sharing of ideas and capability to rapidly respond to the market. The assessment for Google s financial performance was done; the assessment covered the last three years on the income statement to analyze what areas the company improved or depreciated. Google Finance has provided the information necessary to make those interpretation, the total revenue for 2016 was $90.2 billion which is a 16.9% increase from the 2015 where the total revenue was $74.9Show MoreRelatedCollege Of Engineering And Computer Science1741 Words   |  7 Pagesexcept where authorized by the lecturer(s) concerned. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Historical Review 3 3 Time Line from Idea to Commercial Success 4 4 Trends and Drivers 5 4.1 Opportunities 6 5 Initial Market 6 5.1 Market Segment 6 6 Technology Development 7 6.1 The Technology Development that led to the realization of the innovation 7 6.2 The Critical Technological Challenges 7 6.2.1 Preceding technology 7 6.2.2 Technological Challenges for search engine 8 7 Main Competitors 8 8 ConclusionRead MoreWhy Do You Use Google So Much?1327 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently using Google, and possibly that fellows around the globe are using Google services likewise. So why does everyone use Google so much, one may ask. Well, that is because of how great and successful the company is today in our modern world. Becoming so useful to everyone as a service company, Google remains to be one of the largest, most revolutionary, and most successful corporations in the world. On September 4th, 1998, a student studying at Stanford University, came up with a new idea withRead MoreThe Virtual Size The World Wide Web1090 Words   |  5 PagesOur generation thrived in one field incredibly fast, technology. We have developed so much technology that there is no telling the virtual size the World Wide Web. A lot of software has been invented and written to try and contribute to organizing this ungodly number of pages, texts, music, pictures and videos. The Search engines came to life and became a billion dollar industry once a reliable, user friendly version made it to customers. Giant companies invest giant money into these businesses andRead MoreThe Privacy Of Online Consumers And Search Engines1676 Words   |  7 PagesHow come google knows where a computer user has been? Social medias and search engines have access to all the info that is deleted,saved or that people have in their browser and can access it at any time.Search engines like Google have all t he data that people have used in their lifetime from every person in the world and all the data users think they have deleted that data is actually being saved in hard drives on the Google Headquarters. The thesis statement is that search engines are invadingRead MoreAnalysis : Web Analytics 2.0 : The Art Of Online Accountability And Science Of Customer Centricity1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe main rationale behind any business is to be successful. Every year we see thousands of new businesses starting, however, only very few of them can actually survive and flourish in this extensively competitive and modern world. Having an excellent idea and a decent plan and executing it effectively will not bring success. Today, success requires more than planning and execution. It is very critical for businesses today, whether small or large; to be linked to analytics and have a thorough understandingRead More06.07 Dissilusionment Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagesexample, the Vietnam War was the first war to be televised in color, but a lot of the baby boom generation were either in the war or against the war. The Watergate event made Americans feel let down because of the mistrust in the US government. Part II: Use an Internet search engine (such as Google, Yahoo or Bing) to find sources that would help you answer the question. Try to use the advanced search option to limit the number of results. * You must choose four sources to complete this portionRead MoreOnline Marketing : Marketing Strategy1475 Words   |  6 Pages{Internet Marketing|Online Marketing|Website Marketing|Affiliate Marketing} Gets You More Customers written by: IsaacV {In the current|In the present|In today s|With the current economic} business environment, {it is important|it s important|it is necessary|it is crucial} for entrepreneurs {to adopt|to consider|to look at|to take} new information and technology tools {to help them|to assist them to|to assist them|to enable them to} {carry out|execute|perform|accomplish} business {more efficiently|moreRead MoreEthical Seo Campaigning : A Mid Of New Business1661 Words   |  7 PagesEthical SEO campaigning in a mid of new business Intending for an SEO campaign, you will noticeably want to acquire the lucrative venture. Though, because SEO Company USA typically offers dissimilar pricing for dissimilar services along with lengths of terms, cost shopping can be complicated. The SEO services should be understandable about every fee along with the services incorporated with those costs, upfront. The majority will need some sort of initial fee, but will typically put together aRead MoreEssay On Internet Privacy1471 Words   |  6 PagesForgotten’ on search engines. This policy allows an individual or organizations to delete some or all of their information from the search engines on internet. This allows the individual to save his reputation due some negative information regarding him on the internet. This policy is applicable only on the search engines. The individual can request the search engine companies to not show his information like blogs, news, videos, articles or websites when someone searches abo ut him. However, the news channelsRead MoreGoogle and Human Brain Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet has created a generation of the most efficient multi-taskers ever born. Many people will have at least four tabs open as a time (Google, Facebook, Youtube, Pandora, Wikipedia, Gmail, etc.). People are constantly jumping from one web page to the next, clicking on links and opening new tabs and browsers. The method through which knowledge is gained has transitioned from deep reading to fast skimming. Every time a web page is opened the viewer is bombarded with information, almost every

The Significance of Spring and Summer in Thomas Hardy’s Poems Free Essays

Weathers By Thomas Hardy This is the weather the cuckoo likes, And so do I; When showers betumble the chestnut spikes, And nestlings fly; And the little brown nightingale bills his best, And they sit outside at ‘The Traveller’s Rest,’ And maids come forth sprig-muslin drest, And citizens dream of the south and west, And so do I. This is the weather the shepherd shuns, And so do I; When beeches drip in browns and duns, And thresh and ply; And hill-hid tides throb, throe on throe, And meadow rivulets overflow, And drops on gate bars hang in a row, And rooks in families homeward go, And so do I. The Significance Of Spring And Summer In Thomas Hardy’s Poems – Document Transcript 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Spring and Summer in Thomas Hardy’s Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Significance of Spring and Summer in Thomas Hardy’s Poems, If It’s Ever Spring Again, and It Never Looks Like Summer Mehdi Hassanian esfahani (GS22456) The Victorian Age (BBL5101) Lecturer: Dr. Wan Roselezam February 2009 2. Introduction: Reading about Thomas Hardy, and as the master students of English Literature, we all know that Hardy had a pessimist view on life and love, was watchful about relationships and interested in psychology of behaviors. His meticulous description of events and characters is not limited to humans, and even nature and animals play a role in the setting of what he narrates and are related to the theme. The following study examines the description of ‘summer’ and ‘spring’ in two selected poems by Thomas Hardy, to observe the significance of climate and seasons in the theme of the poems. The reason of this particular selection is the similarity between the two, in their mood, atmosphere, theme and even the ending. As a result, the analysis will claim the same thing, although it may seem inappropriate to generalize it to Hardy’s poetry. Interpreting imagery, particularly visual imagery in these two poems helps to understand their usage and the role they play to create the theme and setting of time and place. In this way, figurative language and the relationship between words would be examined to lead us to the theme and bring about the importance of summer and spring regarding the poems. It is expected that Hardy uses seasons to refer to nature and its beauty, in order to create a romantic setting, like other Victorian poets, and also uses ‘summer’ and ‘spring’ in the sense attributed to optimistic qualities, hope, [2] 3. warmth and love. But the careful observation of this may reveal a contrast which is made to intensify the underlying theme, and lead us to a pessimist view of Hardy in these poems. Accordingly, it will show that the mood of these poems â€Å"differs from Victorian sorrow; it is sterner, [and] more skeptical as though braced by a long look at the worst† (Stallworthy Ramazani, 1852). If It’s Ever Spring Again (Song) If it’s ever spring again, Spring again, I shall go where went I when Down the moor-cock splashed, and hen, Seeing me not, amid their flounder, Standing with my arm around her; If it’s ever spring again, Spring again, I shall go where went I then. If it’s ever summer-time, summer-time, With the hay crop at the prime, [3] 4. And the cuckoos – two – in rhyme, As they used to be, or seemed to, We shall do as long we’ve dreamed to, If it’s ever summer-time, Summer-time, With the hay, and bees achime (594). The poem, or as Hardy called it the ‘song’ If It’s Ever Spring Again deals with spring and summer; two bright and shiny seasons which normally warm the nature and people by the energy and hope they spread around. Kinesthetic imagery of ‘going out’ in line three, stanza one and the plashing moor-cock supports the excitement which is in the air. Hardy depicts spring with many positive qualities, when happiness is all around. He doesn’t talk of common characters, but moor-cock and moor-hen, which according to Morgon, the editor and publisher of the annual Hardy Review, are â€Å"shy, undemonstrative creatures rarely drawn from their coverture under the river-bank to gladden the heart of spring† to emphasize this supreme enthusiasm. As a result of this depiction, the prominent imagery in this poem is the visual imagery; which suddenly puts us in the middle of the nature; but there are also auditory and, as we saw, some hints of kinesthetic imagery. 4] 5. At first, Hardy reminds himself a day in spring, when he (the persona) was able to stand next to the beloved ‘with arms around her’ and enjoy the beauty of spring. He feels prospered and thinks of spring as a complete season, as well as himself. Then in stanza two, he leaps to another memory in a summer day, with again the perfection of setting and t he inner sense of fulfillment, when the ‘day crop’ is ‘at the prime’, ‘bees achime’ and cuckoos are singing in rhyme. The visual imagery which is connected to the golden color of the sun and the repetition of ‘summer’ in addition to the auditory imagery of birds singing free and cheerful, are effective devices to insure us of the blissful man, he feels inside. But it is not all. Richards explains that Hardy was interested in nature, and for him, like other Victorian writers, nature was equal to beauty, but also clarifies that â€Å"he was more interested in strangeness than conventional beauty† (190). It is as if the beauty of nature is not the ultimate goal of his poetry. Narrator’s effort to give an adequate visual imagery and create the setting of place and time is just a tool to carry out the profound meaning which is implied in the poem. The ‘if’s and ‘ever’s convey a sense of regret. Thinking of past days, the narrator cannot understand the lack which is now in his life. And the poem ends on a note, as if he lives in the past and doesn’t dare to face the future. In this sense, the whole poem seems not a delightful praise of spring, but an envy of the past. That’s Mellers’ view who considers this poem ‘a song of [5] 6. ostalgia’. Taking birds and bees, according to Cortus, the Vice President of The Thomas Hardy Association, as â€Å"collectively a trite euphemism for sex†, two cuckoos can be a metaphor of lovers (which includes the narrator), and his doubt in line 14, about their singing ‘As they used to †¦ or seemed to’ be together, demonstrates the pessim ist atmosphere which is settled in the mind, as well as the heart of this narrator that even cannot trust his beloved, and the past. This may explain the reason for the cock and hen ‘seeing not’ the narrator ‘amid their flounder’. In this case, the whole poem presents a continual abstract dreaming, disclosing the dimness melancholy that the narrator feels inside. It can suggest that the narration of past and this memory is not reliable, due to the obsession of narrator to his relationship, and the traumatic lost he has in his life. In the second poem, It never looks like summer, Hardy strongly uses ‘summer’ to display the peak of a relationship, the satisfaction and joyfulness which this season, apparently is connected to or is responsible to bring us. The poem lacks descriptive statements or cliche details of nature, and is much modern in the sense which looks like an internal monologue. It is written in a way, that one can conclude it wasn’t supposed to be published (although there is no evidence of such a thing), and is more like the private thoughts of its poet than a poem about ‘summer’. [6] 7. It Never Looks Like Summer â€Å"It never looks like summer here On Beeny by the sea. † But though she saw its look as drear, Summer it seemed to me. It never looks like summer now Whatever weather’s there; But ah, it cannot anyhow, On Beeny or elsewhere (507)! Here, the image of summer is overwhelming, though it is very general and there are no details. Hardy uses contrasts to express his feeling. Again, the prominent imagery in the poem is visual imagery, like the drear summer that surrounds us; however an abstract imagery can be derived from connotations of ‘summer’. Narrator implicitly attributes some positive qualities to summer, though he never names them. In the first stanza, he remembers a day when weather was not ‘summery’ a lot, but he felt so; perhaps due to a companionship. And now, in the second stanza, he feels cold although it is summer outside. The nature in general and ‘summer’ in particular is interweaved to persona’s life (both emotionally and [7] 8. physically), though they do not always match together. In other words â€Å"the thinnest partition divides man’s existence (including his mental existence) from the rest of nature† (Richards, 196). This is remarkable which in both If It’s Ever Spring Again and It never looks like summer, climate and seasons metaphorically are used to explore the feeling of the persona and â€Å"to register inner states of [his] feeling† (Blackburn, 15). The pessimist view of life and [the lost] love is repeated again; when narrator can say which season it ‘is’, but doubts if the beloved’s presence was real or the feeling was true, and claims that it ‘seemed’ summer to him. He prefers to sing bereavement poems, than face the reality and live in present, and the last two lines support this idea that he cannot think of future. He generalizes the unsatisfactory consequence of his attempts and his lost to all other happenings anytime in future and anywhere else around the world, and decides not to move and not to change; he dares not to look at the future because of his tragic experience. Talking about Hardy’s poetry, Blackburn asserts that the magnetism of his poems â€Å"is built around a complex of love and loss, memory and guilt, pain and self-pity, beauty and regret intermingled with something of delight† (12). In these two poems, he uses images of spring and summer and refers to nature to express the emotions and create the setting, so that he compares two conditions of past and present. To conclude, and as Berger states in the abstract of her PhD [8] 9. roposal, â€Å"Hardy’s epistemology can be found at a meeting point of the senses– primarily visual, emotions, imagination, will, and the external world†. Here, the primary setting and the visual imagery play a strong role, metaphorically, to the oppositions, and intensifies the sense of regret. This technique is effective in a way to create the atmosphere and express the sadness this persona feels in his present life. [9] How to cite The Significance of Spring and Summer in Thomas Hardy’s Poems, Papers

International Human Resource Management for Sony- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Human Resource Management for Sony. Answer: Introduction Human resource management plays most important role in the organization as staff members present within the workplace are considered as the most valuable asset. Further, effective practices are required for the management of human resource so that overall goals of the enterprise can be accomplished easily(Collings, Wood Caligiuri 2014). Further, every business develops HRM policies through which it is ensured that business is working in favor of its employees and this is leading to rise in the level of overall performance in the market. Apart from this, organizational structure matters a lot where the development of right structure provides a base to carry out overall operations efficiently. The present study carried out is based on two organizations named Sony and Marriott that operates in a different market. Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate that is indulged into different practices involving consumer and professional electronics, entertainment, financial services. On the other hand, Marriott Interntional Inc is a diversified hospitality company that manages a broad portfolio of the hotel. The report focuses on recruitment strategies of both companies, how diversity is managed etc. Training And Development Program Sony And Marriott For conducting smooth functioning of business operations, effective training programs have been developed by Sony and Marriott. In case of Sony Corporation, the company focuses on e-learning, on the site training, general training. Further, business has strongly focused on expanding its training options that take into consideration correspondence courses, lectures that lead to enhanced job performance(Sony 2017). Overall all the employees are encouraged to take part in the training programs so that knowledge and skill level can be enhanced up to the extent. On the other hand, in case of Marriott International Inc the company has employed on the job training methods that allow employees to serve the customers properly. Training is basically carried out by the experts present in the company through which knowledge level enhances in every possible manner(Staff 2010). Apart from this, seminar and lectures are the most common methods that are adopted within the workplace for delivering training to the workforce. So in this way, training programs carried out by both the companies are effective and has allowed in gaining the competitive edge. How Global Networks Are Managed In Sony And Marriott Sony and Marriott carry out all the operations on the wider basis where products and services offered by the enterprise are worldwide famous. Apart from this, both the companies operate in different markets and focuses on enhancing the customer satisfaction level. Both the organizations manage through appropriate strategic plans(Francis, Parkes Reddington 2014). Generally, the main plans are developed in the headquarters of the firms through which all the activities are controlled. Every unit has its own head who is assigned responsibility to prepare plans and policies for smooth functioning. The planning strategies undertaken by both the companies are effective that allows in satisfying need of a large number of customers. This is the main reason due to which Sony and Marriott have the strong customer base(Gupta 2013). For managing global operations, skilled workforce has been employed along with the managers that handle all the key operations. So, in this way, this represents the effectiveness of both the companies in managing the global operations that are linked with the success of the business. Discuss How Blending Of National Corporate Cultures Are Practiced In Sony And Marriott Sony and Marriott carry out all the operations on the wider basis where the diversified workforce has been hired by the business which involves employees of different background, culture, religion, etc. The blending process in both the companies starts with effective leadership where people from different backgrounds are allowed to work with other each other through teams. For aligning national culture with the corporate one different policy have been framed where culture and religion of every individual are promoted that are present within the workplace(Hurn 2014). Appropriate communication channels have been developed within the workplace so that every staff member can interact with each other and due to this reason issues within the companies are lesser faced. In the company like Sony flexible culture has been developed within the workplace that encourages equal participation of employees present in the organization. Further, in case of Marriott at the time of framing corporate culture national practices are undertaken. So, this leads to effective management of all the operations of the company and provides favorable results for the organization. Discuss How Diversity Is Managed In Sony And Marriott Sony believes in promoting diversity within the workplace where ideas and viewpoint of the employees are encouraged and this in turn enhances business performance. Employees are allowed to work in teams where views of every individual are undertaken for conducting the business affairs and this in turn acts as the development tool for the entire business. The organization has incorporated diversity into its business strategy and has developed the internal environment that holds the capability to manage people from different backgrounds(Policies 2013). Considering the case of Marriott management of diversity practices are same as Sony Corporation. Further, through the management of employees within the workplace and encouraging them to give ideas and opinions allows in managing diversity. Apart from this, employees plays most crucial role within the workplace and their importance are highlighted in the company. Efficient leaders have been appointed within the workplace that promotes different culture, and this has become one of the main reasons behind the success of Marriott International in the market. Respect of every religion, culture allows in the management of human resource. Compare And Contrast Recruitment Strategies Of Sony And Marriott Sony provides the wide range of job categories that allows graduates to choose the job as per their skills and knowledge. Further, the company approaches students through different channels. While recruiting researchers and engineers, the company has introduced job matching system where students are allowed to meet employees in the position similar to their desired jobs. Interns are welcomed where company organizes one-day internship program for delivering proper knowledge to the people in the field of accounting, finance, product planning, etc(Sony 2017). In short, it is representing that organization relies on outside sources for satisfying its human resource need and this has somehow allowed satisfying the demand for skilled workforce within the workplace. On the other hand in case of Marriott company relies on employee referrals source for satisfying its human resource need(Peltier 2014). The employees who are working with the company for longer period refer other individuals whom they consider are fit for the job. Apart from this, the career website of Marriott International also allows in hiring the best candidate who is fit for the position. Considering the recruitment strategies of both the companies it has been found that Sonys recruitment plan is more effective as compared with the Marriott. Sony relies on the wide range of strategies such as hiring interns, meeting with students of various students, etc. and in case of Marriott, only employee referral is employed as one of the main sources. So, this is the basic difference between recruitment strategies of both the companies. Discuss The Effects Of Wage-Gap Differences On Motivation And Performance Of Expatriate Employees The wage gap has the direct influence on the motivation level along with the performance of the expatriate employee. Expatriate employee is the one who lives abroad or is from another nation. For instance, in Sony Corporation provides more monetary benefits to its male employees as compared with the female employee then in such case employee motivation is influenced and due to this reason, female staff will not work efficiently(Rees Smith 2017). Considering this, the government of every nation such as the UK, US has introduced where equality in the wage must be present, and no such discrimination is present within the workplace. In short, wage gap leads to the decline in performance of an employee and sometimes individual prefers to leave the job. Provide An Overview Of Organizational Structures In Sony And Marriot The organizational structure of Sony is divided into various hierarchies. The company has introduced structure called One Sony which involves three main core businesses named gaming, mobile and digital imaging. Different managers have been assigned the duty to manage operations and decentralization of authority are present where decisions are taken through the assistance of lower and middle-level employees(Sony 2017). The company considers communication between manager and employee as most important and due to this reason company has developed flexible structure and top down approach is employed. In case of Marriott International, the company has employed the divisional structure as the business operates in the different type of geographical areas. Within one umbrella group, the different type of products are covered, and they are served to the customers as per their need. Generally, in every hotel manager holds the responsibility to carry overall operations along with the assistance of waiters and another type of managers. This structure is considered to be costly for the business, but its advantages are present in large amount. Meaning Of Workforce Planning This concept is associated with determining the requirement of the staff members so that business operations can be carried out smoothly. Further, in case of Sony and Marriott both the companies has indulged into the practice of workforce planning where it is determined well in advance that employees present within the workplace are efficient enough in carrying out business operations(Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl 2016). Apart from this, the requirement of employees in both the companies is quite high, and this is the main reason due to which there is a need for effective planning so that operations can be carried out smoothly. What Do You Understand By Cultural Shock And Discuss How It Affects An Expatriate Performance In Mncs Cultural shock is considered as the feeling of disorientation where the person has to work in unfamiliar culture. In the large sized organization, it is possible that expatriate has to face difficulties in working with the individuals of the different culture(Story et al. 2014). In case if any expatriate is not able to adjust to the culture of Marriott or Sony Corporation then it deals to decline in the level of performance. For instance, if any individual has not worked earlier in the team as this culture has been adopted by companies such as Sony etc. and this will act as the hurdle in conducting the business performance. Discuss Health And Safety Issues That An Expatriate Employee Might Encounter In An International Assignment. Expatriate may face the different type of risks especially at the time of working on international assignments. The key risks involve infectious disease, low-quality medical facilities, poor sanitary conditions, low amount of local medical facilities, etc(Varma 2013). Apart from this, some form of security risks are present that may adversely affect expatriates such as terrorism, criminal attacks and another type of risks associated with the political and social situation. Propose Strategies To Address The Health And Safety Concerns Of International Employees In case of international employees, it is necessary for the business to address the health and safety issues so that they can work efficiently. The first effective way is to raise awareness where employees can be prepared in relation to the hazards. Apart from this MNCs operating in the market such as Marriott International, Sony Corporation, etc. can develop preventive programs which involve medical checkup of employees, training on health, safety guides, etc(Francis, Parkes Reddington 2014). Different security procedures can be implemented within the workplace that takes into consideration accommodation and workplace security audit, setting up 24*7 hotline facilities for the staff members, etc. Conclusion The entire study carried out has supported in knowing the basic difference in between HRM practices of Marriott and Sony Corporation. Further, both the companies have adopted effective practices with the motive to enhance motivation level of its employees. Proper training and development strategies are carried out as through knowledge and skill level of employee enhances and this in turn acts as the development tool for the business. The main strategy for recruitment employed by Marriott International is employee referral, and in case of Sony Corporation, company hires students and approaches different universities. So, this allows in conducting the overall operations efficiently. Practices of workforce planning of both the businesses are effective that supports in avoiding the situation of the inadequacy of human resource and allows in gaining the competitive edge. References Collings, D, Wood, GT Caligiuri, PM 2014, The Routledge companion to international human resource management, Routledge, Abingdon. Francis, H, Parkes, C Reddington, M 2014, ' E-HR and international HRM: A critical perspective on the discursive framing of e-HR.', International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol 25, no. 10, pp. 1327-1350. Gupta, A 2013, 'International hrm in sustaining international business operations', Educationaia Confab, vol 2, no. 5, pp. 43-49. Hurn, B 2014, 'The challenges facing international HRM in an increasingly globalised environment', Industrial and commercial training, vol 46, no. 7, pp. 371-378. Peltier, D 2014, Marriott Uses its Own Staff to Recruit Employees in New Campaign, viewed 25 August 2017, https://skift.com/2014/10/24/marriott-uses-its-own-staff-to-recruit-employees-in-new-campaign/. Policies, PSA 2013, Sony Employment and Employee-Management Relations, viewed 25 August 2017, https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/csr_report/issues/report/2007/qfhh7c00000dltna-att/CSR2007_33_40.pdf. Rees, G Smith, P 2017, Strategic human resource management: An international perspective, Sage, California. Reiche, BS, Mendenhall, ME Stahl, GK 2016, Readings and cases in international human resource management, Taylor Francis, Abingdon. Sony 2017, ORAGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, viewed 25 August 2017, https://sony1020.wordpress.com/oraganizational-structure/. Sony 2017, Recruiting Practices, viewed 25 August 2017, https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/csr_report/employees/recruitment/index3.html. Sony 2017, Training Activities, viewed 25 August 2017, https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/csr_report/employees/training/index2.html. Staff, H 2010, HR: Marriott employee training and development program, viewed 25 August 2017, https://www.hotelmanagement.net/human-resources/hr-marriott-employee-training-and-development-program. Story, JS, Barbuto, JE, Luthans, F Bovaird, JA 2014, 'Meeting the challenges of effective international HRM: Analysis of the antecedents of global mindset.', Human Resource Management, vol 53, no. 1, pp. 131-155. Varma, A 2013, Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific , Routledge, Abingdon.

8 ideas for experienced teachers who want a second career

8 ideas for experienced teachers who want a second career Teaching is both rewarding and difficult. There’s a lot to love about the profession, particularly having a front seat to witness students growing and learning throughout the school year. But over the long term teachers can get worn out- and are often overworked for little pay. The good news for experienced teachers is that the profession comes with a number of translatable skills. In addition to particular subject area knowledge, experienced teachers possess excellent public speaking, presentation, and leadership skills, and establish themselves as effective communicators- not just with school-aged populations, but also among parents, colleagues, and administrators. Teachers are also adept at detail-oriented work like editing, long-term planning of activities, and meeting educational goals.If you’re looking to leave the traditional classroom, the skills you’ve acquired as a teacher are can translate to many jobs in varying fields. Let’s look at a few.8 no n-classroom jobs for teachers1. Employee training/HRMany companies offer workshops, new employee training, and orientations, and need someone to run them. These employee training activities require someone with a similar skillset to teaching. Often housed in the HR Department, the presentation and transfer of knowledge in a corporate setting can offer experienced teachers a place to use their communication skills to help employees learn about their company and enrich their experiences at work.2. School administratorWhether in the area of running the day-to-day business of the school or assisting in curriculum development, teaching experience is a boon for any administrative position. From school principals to university registrars, there are a variety of positions that help keep a school running, and most positions require advanced degrees. This is a good position for teachers who are devoted to the educational system, but worn out on teaching in the classroom.3. Residential life c oordinator/Youth organization directorThe organizational skills required to plan a year of lessons and be flexible minute to minute in the classroom translate well to camps, youth organizations, and residential life departments of college campuses. Teaching experience means you will be adept at the long-term planning required in these roles, and familiarity with specific age groups in a classroom setting gives you a leg up, as you must show you can deal with large groups of people and keep them organized and engaged.4. Freelance writing and editingTeachers’ communications skills translate well to writing and editing positions, where they can use their expertise to educate outside of the classroom. Writing offers more flexibility than teaching, but less job security- especially as most writers work on a freelance basis. Editing positions, where a teacher can be called upon as a subject-matter expert to review and offer advice on their topic of knowledge, are another great free lance opportunity.5. Guidance counselorGuidance counselors must have specific knowledge about school-age populations, testing, and school district guidelines, as well as the ability to tap into a student’s motivation. Teachers already know how to do this well. In most cases, guidance counselors need to be licensed, and in some states, they need to have a master’s degree. While this job is very much adjacent to the classroom, as the primary goal is guiding students toward their educational goals, the change from classroom to office is a big one. Even so, you’re still in a school setting so that the career will feel s.6. Academic librarianExperienced teachers fit well into the role of librarian, as they have experience engaging with students while helping them in educational settings. In academic libraries, there are subject librarians with particular knowledge in certain areas (similar to teaching) that help students and faculty find resources to help with their research. Academic librarians often give presentations or build websites for university classes to help them learn how to use library tools. This role requires a graduate degree in library and information science, but for teachers looking to make a career move it can be a great option.7. Event plannerLarge-scale events, from evening receptions to corporate meetings, require a lot of planning over months and need planners with ability to think on their feet to make sure the day of the event runs smoothly. As they coordinate speakers, catering, and venue staff, event planners must be detail-oriented, effective communicators who are comfortable with large groups. While a departure from teaching, running a big event and coordinating all the details requires a similar skillset and can be a new avenue for a teacher looking to embark on a totally different career.8. Teaching outside the classroomEssentially â€Å"freelance† teaching, this option offers educators the ability to set t heir own schedules. Beyond the traditional classroom setting in schools, there are growing opportunities for online teaching or tutoring one-on-one or in small groups. Educators who don’t want to branch out on their own can also work through an agency. For teachers who have frustration with the school system but still have the teaching bug, this route can provide more freedom while still changing students’ lives.

Valuable Leadership Experience

Valuable Leadership Experience Business managers are increasingly finding themselves being replaced by business leaders. The difference between a leader and a manager is that while a manager views the job as a career, a leader perceives it as a calling and a personal responsibility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Valuable Leadership Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many traits that differentiate between a manager and a leader, but the most significant element is their role since the duty of a manager is to manage, while that of a leader is to lead. Unlike managers, leaders attract their follows by earning their trust and through motivation. In my professional career, I have had several opportunities not only to be a manager, but also to exercise my leadership skills. This essay endeavors to describe one such occasion. Our company strategized to formulate a method through which our major clients would be transited for GAAP to IFSR. The company executives preferred internally bred solution. Thus, we were divided into teams, each with a leader and a mentor. The teams were to present their findings to the judges who were the company executives in a span of two weeks. Ken, an extremely respected business leader was my team leader. However, his packed schedules did not allow him time to convene our group within the first week. Upon realizing that we were running out of time, I decide to convene our first meeting with our mentor to map the way forward. This first meeting was not very successful as my team members did not have the necessary knowledge on the case we were working on. This influenced our mentor to be very skeptical of our team’s ability. That is when I decided to take full responsibility of the project. I rallied my team members and within a short time, we had a workable project plan, comfortable with all members. I then identified the special talents in each of my team members and assigned them responsibilities concurrent with those talents. This proved very useful in improving team efficiency. Prior to every meeting, I did extensive research on the case and summarized my findings. These findings provided my team with necessary information it needed. I had to provide the general direction, thus giving each member space for creative involvement in the task. The fact that we were short of time motivated team members to work diligently in their areas of responsibly and reporting to the group on the progress made. The task was not only completed in time, but was also voted as the best. It was a task accomplished successfully within limited time and under dedicated leadership and teamwork.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Our project provides several valuable lessons on leadership. Leaders must develop the trust of team members and their abilities to acco mplish the task. Other than provide general direction, they should also provide the necessary resources to the team. In our case, knowledge was the resource the team members needed. They also recognize and allocate duties according to team member’s abilities, while letting them be creatively involved in the task. Generally, they make every member feel appreciated and valued by the team.

EU and the transport policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU and the transport policy - Essay Example Furthermore, the creation of one market or single market like the EU needs a well developed transport industry. Policies play an important role in shaping a transport industry which will increase the economy of the countries involved. The EU Transport Policy The policy adopted by the EU seeks to find ways of creation of an economical transport sector so that it can curve in major challenges in the industry like road congestion, barriers to transport systems and emission of green house gases such CO2. Additionally, the policy helps in the creation of infrastructure for the transport industry, investment in the industry and innovation. Furthermore the use of fossil fuels by the machines in the transport sector is also addressed by the policy. The policy was meant to tackle challenges facing EU nations with regard to the transport sector like road congestion and cross-border tariffs. This paper will address the policies made by the EU for the transport industry and the achievements they have made since the creation of such policies (Rodenburg et al 2002). The European countries came together with policies for transport systems such as roads, rail and inland waterways. The EU common markets pushed for a common transport policy because they encouraged free movement of goods and people throughout Europe. The policy signed in 1957 called the treaty of Rome was meant to allow free movement of goods and people across all the nations in Europe but the policy was not taken seriously until 1980 (Ionescu, 2012). The policy was only put into use after a court process which took place in 1983 involving the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. This increased the process of the formation of a single market involving European countries with the inclusion of transport in the act which was signed. Ionescu (2012), shows that the signing of the single treaty made many changes in the transport industries which also gave a chance for Europeans countries to work together a cross different states. The treaty signed was also meant to address cases of environmental degradation caused by pollution. The policy was for the development of rail, road and waterway structures. This is because there had been disparities in transport systems in European countries with most Western countries having better and well developed transport systems, mostly high-speed rail systems, than that of the Eastern European countries. Furthermore the policy was made to address environmental challenges as mentioned above. The main target of the policy was to address the development of the rail system, roads and waterways. The combination of the three transport systems is referred to as the Transport European Networks (TENs). The European Union transport policy was made to tackle the creation of transport infrastructure which would link Eastern and Western Europe. This was later addressed in a white paper singed in 2004. The policies in the white paper were later changed in 2011 to make three changes by 2050. For example, the EU is to stop the use of more fossil fuel and find alternative energy, increase the use of the rail system, and use fuel in the aviation industry producing less than 40% carbon. The policy was meant to ease movement of freight and people across national boundaries hence the border tariffs would be removed (Ionescu 2012). The EU is committed in applying the set policies and has so far achieved the set targets. Goals of the EU policy The reduction of

Tourism in the Kingdom of Jordan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tourism in the Kingdom of Jordan - Case Study Example It is a small Arab country with not much supply of water and other natural resources like oil. Debt, poverty, and unemployment are fundamental problems, but since 1999, some broad economic reforms have been in place in a long-term effort to improve living standards. Under the leadership of King Abdullah, Jordan's government has taken some concrete steps towards encouraging foreign investment in the country. Key areas where maximum attention is being paid include tourisms and services. The country's economy largely depends on services, tourism and foreign aid. Tourism in general is being developed the world over as a revenue spinning industry Jordan too has an ambitious plan for inviting the attention of the world's touring community towards its vast historic treasures and nature's gifts to the country. Thourhg this study we'd like to analyse; Tourism being one of the key sectors for Jordanian economy, the government of Jordan has realized the potential of this rapidly growing sector, and the government is supporting the industry with aggressive marketing strategy with an aim to promote Jordan as a boutique destination. Despite being in the midst of disturbed surroundings the number of regional tourists is rising sharply. Now the government is paying more attention towards attracting the high-yield visitors from outside the Middle East. In this era of globalisation, tourism is said to drive transnational flows of people, commodities and capital. This flow results in circulation of globally coordinated production networks governed by Multi national corporations in the business of airlines, tour operators and hotel management (Hazbun, 313). As per the studies undertaken by organisation like CountryWatch (83) and Country Insight (3), the flow of tourists has been on an upward journey. The figure below takes a look at the num ber of tourists that arrived in the region for the period 1998-2004. Until the late 1990s Jordan's tourism sector remained hugely underdeveloped, with regional political instability doing most of the damage. Since there was no real effort on the part of the government of Jordan to come out of the shell and market the potentials of the country, the region remained largely un-explored. But with the concepts of globalisation have now made the government understand the benefits of being pro market. In fact Jordan realizes (EIU, 1) that it can't be a direct competitor for other popular Arab holiday destinations like Cairo or Beirut, but now Jordan has actually started selling its holiday proposition by way of offering quiet family holiday. This has materialized in earning revenues as well, which is reflected by some of the key points of tourism industry in Jordan like (Euromonitor, 2); Jordan received US$783 million in tourism receipts in 2004 and this is expected to rise to US$826 million in 2005. Tourism accounts for around 10% of the Kingdom's GDP. Tourism is the largest export sector, the second largest private sector employer and the second most important form of foreign exchange for the country. The

Discuss the rationale behind letters of credit with emphasis on the Essay

Discuss the rationale behind letters of credit with emphasis on the fundamental principles underlying these instruments. Critica - Essay Example Credit letters are used in cross border business transactions to make sure that payment will be received. The adoption of letters of credit has become extremely essential in cross border trade due to the nature of international dealings such as varying laws and difficulty in knowing each trade party personally. Additionally, the bank acts on buyer’s behalf by making sure that a seller will not receive payment pending the bank’s verification that goods have been dispatched. The parties to a letter of credit comprise of three or more persons. These are; the account party (importer/ applicant/ buyer), the issuing bank (the applicant bank) and the beneficiary (exporter/seller) (Gilles & Moens, 1998, p 395; DiMatteo, 2009, p 100). There exist contractual associations while using letters of credit in global business among the most essential parties, that is the issuing bank (one making payment of the applicant’s behalf), to the beneficiary, and the paying bank (in situ ations where there is a correspondent), the advising bank, as well as the confirming bank. Ideally, they are same bank but given different terms. As such, several contractual relationships are distinguishable. One is the contract between the applicant and the beneficiary. Two is the relationship between the applicant and the issuing bank. ... This is usually a letter drafted and signed by bank acting on the applicant’s behalf, addressed to the beneficiary. The applicant bank will agree to drafts under credit simply if the beneficially adheres to conditions set forth in the credit letter. The beneficiary is also requested to hand in certain deeds like commercial invoices and insurance papers in addition to the draft and other documents that may be specifically needed. The issuing banks acts on behalf of the buyer (applicant) in paying the beneficiary provided that all terms stipulated in the letter are adhered to (Ramlogan & Persadie, 2004, p 14). Source: Michigan law review, p 406 Documentary credit letters can be classified into: Transferable or non-transferable A beneficiary in the credit letter often maintains on an express term in the contract clarifying that the credit is â€Å"transferable†. The main upshot of a transferable letter of credit is that the seller (beneficiary) may request the designated b ank to transfer credit to the beneficiary’s supplier. However, the designated bank is under no legal obligation to transfer credit. The UCP affirms that a credit letter is transferable only if the contacts states so, the absence of which the beneficiary cannot insist that the designated bank to transfer credit (Moens & Jones, 2008, p 39). Revocable and irrevocable A revocable letter can be rescinded by the bank responsible for issuing at any time without preceding notice to the seller. The contract has to specifically state that a credit letter is revocable; otherwise it will be considered unalterable. A beneficiary seller in cross border transaction needs payment security, apparently not prepared to accept revocable letter of credit, since this would result

Microbiota and Cancer Treatment

Microbiota and Cancer Treatment Chloe Duffy Abstract microflora in humans regulates numerous bodily processes and cellular functions metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and now has been found to play a role in cancer treatments efficacy, side effects, after effects. talk about the body of the paper. In conclusion, the gut and potentially oral, etc microbiota can be modulated to protect the body from effects of treatment, or even enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. Introduction The human body contains numerous microorganisms that inhabit many parts of the body such as the skin, oral mucosa, and gastrointestinal tracts, known as the human microbiota. These microorganisms aid in metabolism, local and systemic immune system responses, regulation of inflammation, nutrient absorption, and even prevention of infection and diseases. Some of the most common bacteria within the gut microbiome are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrumicrobia, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Cyanobacteria; other types of bacteria such as Actinomyces or Lactobacillus are also common in other areas of the body. All of these types of bacteria play a role in different processes that are beneficial to maintaining health. Although these microorganisms are commonly found in most individuals, each hosts microbiota is unique. Genetics, antibiotic use, diet, type of birth delivery, lifestyle, and incidence of disease can all contribute to the composition of gut mic robiota.12   Although this means that the gut microbiome is variable and certain conditions can result in dysbiosis, it is also beneficial to have the capabilities to modulate and control the gut microbiota in order to maintain healthy bodily functions and immune responses to infection. Recently, there have been studies establishing a relationship between microbiota and cancer treatment. Particularly the gut microbiota that influences metabolic functions and inflammation and adaptive immunity play a major role in the initiation, proliferation, and response to anticancer treatment.12 In the majority of studies, the microbiota have been shown to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments and prolong the anticancer immune response. One way this has been demonstrated is by the transfer of faecal microbiota from mice that respond well to cancer therapy into unresponsive germ-free mice, resulting in improved anticancer reactions to treatment. Research has also shown that predictions can be made based on the patients gut microbiome whether or not they will have an efficient reaction to the cancer treatment or if they will exhibit negative side effects from the method of therapy.8 In addition to using the microbiome to predict patient reactions to therapy, studies have shown that it is possible to modulate the gut microbiota in order to either prevent or treat adverse effects that usually coincide with different therapies.19 These new developments are crucial for the progression of cancer therapies, especially immunotherapies. Many patients still do not respond to anticancer treatments that others do and with this promising research new opportunities for personalized therapy become an option for these individuals. Immunotherapies and modifying the microbiota of patients can offer more tailored treatment plans that can provide more promising results. In addition, these new methods can enable a more aggressive treatment plan for certain types of cancer without the fear of negative side effects or lasting damage to healthy tissue. With modulation of the microbiota, these adverse effects can be prevented and treated, using the microorganisms to protect against injury. The composition of the human microbiota plays an integral role in regulating the efficacy of anticancer treatment and development of adverse effects. (Should I include that targeting the microbiota can improve the efficacy and reduce adverse ef fects? Human Microbiome and Cancer Treatments       There are many different categories of anticancer therapies, the three main types are chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. However, there is interindividual variation in the gut microbiota that can determine whether the immune system is competent enough and if the patient will respond to therapy positively or negatively.19 The targeting of gut microbiota can improve the efficacy of all of these treatment plans. The figure below shows some of the processes that gut microbiota can regulate anticancer therapies. Figure 1 12 This figure is an overview of a selection of anticancer treatments that the gut microbiota can mediate or perhaps enhanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ add more descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the use of drugs, usually cytotoxic, to treat cancer. These cytotoxic drugs are typically classified according to their mechanism of action, alkylating agents, heavy metals, cytotoxic antibiotics, and spindle poisons.12 These drugs cause significant damage to any rapidly dividing cells including healthy tissues, and can therefore have varying effects on individual patients. Gastrointestinal toxicity is a common adverse effect from anticancer drugs and can be so severe that the treatment has to be postponed or the dose is limited; this reduces the efficacy of the therapy. Targeting and modifying gut microbiota can be used to protect the intestinal epithelium and prevent the toxicity of these compounds. One mechanism of microbiota that can be exploited is its role in drug metabolism and microbial enzymatic degradation. An example of this is with the drug Irinotecan. Irinotecan is a chemotherapy drug that commonly causes severe gastrointestinal distress by increasing caecal Clostridium cluster XI and Enterobacteriaceae and cannot be used long term for treatment. SN-38, the drugs active metabolite is converted to glucuronide which is typically cleaved by bacterial beta-glucuronidases, commonly found in the Firmicutes phylum, for a carbon source; however, this releases the active SN-38 back into the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea.19 In this study, however, it was discovered that the bacterial enzyme has a specific loop not present in the human enzyme; this is beneficial in developing drugs to target the bacterial enzyme specifically in order to prevent the adverse effects to continue anticancer treatment. Ciprofloxacin and amoxapine were two drugs that exhibited inhibition of the bacterial enzyme, suppressing the severe diarrhea.19 The microbiota enzymatic functions can also have a role in modifying the toxic profile of chemotherapy drugs. This can cause difficulty in creating custom chemotherapy treatment plans utilizing the modulation of microbiota because some of the bacteria can have multiple effects on different targets using the same enzyme. An example of this is the bacterium Mycoplasma hyorhinis, it contains a phosphorylase that can restrict the ability to inhibit cell growth and division by drugs containing pyrimidine nucleoside. Additionally, Mycoplasmas phosphorylase negates the efficacy of the drug gemcitabine. However, this same enzyme can improve the effectiveness of drugs containing the metabolite 5-fluoro-5-deoxyuridine.19 This proves the difficulty in modifying each patients gut microbiota to improve their chemotherapeutic efficacy. Although, it can be useful and can allow the treatment plans to continue without termination due to adverse e ffects, it will require much more research for each individual drugs reaction with gut microbiota enzymes. The gut microbiota can also indirectly affect the metabolism of chemo drugs through modifying gene expression and the physiology of the mucosal barrier in the intestines and liver. In one study, germ-free mice were compared with conventionally raised mice and mice given a probiotic. The germ-free mice exhibited altered gene expression to increase the rate of metabolism of many xenobiotics, whereas even after recolonization of the germ-free mice and administration of a probiotic, not all of the altered genes returned to normal gene expression.12 This raises the observation that not only does the differences in composition of microbiota and their enzyme function play a role in drug metabolism, the activity and lifestyle between individuals matters as well. Immunomodulation and affecting the tumor-microenvironment are two additional ways that the gut microbiota have been found to modulate chemotherapeutics. Cyclophosphamide is a drug that works through many different immunological pathways, stimulating the antitumor immune response.This drug alters the composition of the microbiota in the small intestine and induces the translocation of certain gram-positive bacteria into secondary lymphoid organs.16 Once the bacteria are translocated into the lymphoid organs, they can stimulate an immune response of T helper17 cells and memory TH1 cells. The translocation of the bacteria, typically Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, and Enterococcus hirae, takes place because cyclophosphamide causes discontinuity of the intestinal barrier allowing these microorganisms to relocate to the secondary lymphoid organs. A gram-negative bacteria, Barnesiella intestinhominis is also involved in this chemotherapy drug; it   was shown to incre ase the systemic levels of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and TH1 cell responses. This bacteria was also proven to activate IFNgamma-producing lymphocytes that are tumor-inflitrating.1 The role gut microbiota plays in the efficacy of cyclophosphamide treatment and immunomodulation was demonstrated by the use of germ-free mice and mice that were treated with antibiotics. The mice that were pre-conditioned with antibiotics proved to inhibit the anticancer effects of the chemotherapy drug and no reduction in the tumor size. Similarly, the germ-free mice had less pTH17 responses and their tumors were unchanged by cyclophosphamide. However, transfer of pTH17 cells restored the efficacy of the anticancer drug.1 These results show that the gut microbiota not only play a role enzymatically and through drug metabolism, but that the microbiome is used to activate the anticancer immune response. This is critical knowledge for the progression of immunomodulation with chemotherapeutics, and gives insight as to why not all patients may react the same to this type of treatment. However, modification of the gut microbiota can enhance the efficacy and response in the patients that typically do not show change in the tumor size. Gut microbiota can also affect the tumor microenvironment in correspondence (à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸is that the right word?) with chemotherapeutics. Oxaliplatin and cistplatin treatments cause tumor cytotoxicity by forming intra-strand platinum-DNA adducts that lead to DNA double stranded breaks; reactive oxygen species is also involved in the damage of DNA. Although these methods are effective for creating an antitumor environment, it also causes severe damage to intestinal mucosal cells which can cause septicemia and systemic infection.12, 10 In germ-free mice the drug oxaliplatin did not induce as great of an inflammation response and consequently the antitumor efficacy was reduced, showing that inflammation is important in the drugs antitumor response. The induced DNA damage within the tumor cells was also reduced, however oxaliplatin was still able to enter into the tumor to form fewer of the platinum-DNA adducts.16 Another effect the microbiota have on these chemo drug antitumor mechanis ms was shown in germ-free mice, the production of ROS was inhibited without gut microbiota. This was previously thought to come from the cancerous cells, however the microbes prevented ROS production through tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells via NADPH oxidase 2.12 This is important to note because this shows that oxaliplatin will not be effective without gut microbiota or depleted myeloid cells. Oxaliplatin also works by inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, this can be achieved by exposing the cell surface- associated immunostimulatory signals, activating antigen-presenting cells which create and antitumor response.With a combination of activation of TLR4, DAMPs from the dying cells, and NLRP3 inflammasome, these can mediate the adaptive T cell-mediated response against the treated tumors.10 When mice are depleted of their microbiota, these cytotoxic and immunogenic effects are decreased, along with the efficacy of tumor reduction. These results demonstrate that gut microbiota can play a role in the cytotoxic effects of DNA damage and inflammation, but also can affect the adaptive immune response to cancer. Gut microbiota has an influential role in the efficacy, toxicity, and outcome of chemotherapeutics. Radiation Therapy Radiotherapy can consist of cancer patients receiving ionizing radiation therapy (RTX) that is typically for localized cancers, or total body irradiation (TBI) that is usually used in preparation for bone marrow transplants or adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. These can be effective treatment routes, however, there is a bystander effect on nearby cells that can cause inflammation, immune reactivity, and genome instability.12 These effects do not necessarily occur directly from the DNA damage caused by radiation, these typically are a result from disruption of gap junctions, and release of ROS, NO, cytokines, exosomes, and DAMP stress signals. There are just now beginning to be more studies done about how exactly microbiota can regulate the hosts response to ionizing radiation therapy. It is difficult to study because the effects from radiation can cause a myriad of reactions within the body; some of these effects can be immunostimulating while others can be immunosuppressive. When a patient receives radiotherapy, the antitumor signals are not just contained to the localized area of the tumor; there are antitumor responses that occur that are immune mediated and activate antigen-presenting dendritic cells and T cells. Therefore, because microbiota have been shown to mediate and affect the immunogenic responses in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, it is reasonable to believe microbiota play a role in the immune system responses due to radiation. One of the major limitations to radiotherapy is the safety concern for the patient while balancing the antitumor effectiveness of receiving ionizing radiation therapy. Different cance r types will have different radiation sensitivities as well as the local and systemic toxicity and stress responses that have potential to cause significant injury or impair the antitumor immunity.12 Receiving ionizing radiation therapy is associated with damage to rapidly proliferating tissues such as epithelia, like the digestive tract mucosa, and bone marrow. These adverse effects can cause oral mucositis, diarrhea, and inflammation in the gut and can create gut microbial dysbiosis.12 A recent study investigated whether or not a faecal microbiota transplantation would protect against radiation-induced toxicity.They were able to come to the conclusion that faecal microbiota transplantation did in fact increase the survival rate of mice; in addition, the faecal microbiota transplant increased the peripheral white blood cell counts, maintained the intestinal epithelial integrity, and preserved the gut microbiota composition in mice that had been irradiated.7 Using the strategy of faecal microbiota transplantation could greatly improve the outlook for   radiotherapy patients, it can reduce injury to healthy tissues and improve patients prognosis after radiotherapy. The component that regulates irradiation-mediated intestinal toxicity is the TLR3 for double-stranded RNA. Knockout mice without Tlr3 are actually protected from TLR3-dependent cell death post radiotherapy, despite being sensitive to p53 dependent radiation-induced apoptosis. These knockout mice also survive longer and have less damaging effects on their intestines than wild-type mice. These results would suggest that blocking the TLR3 signaling could reduce the radiation-mediated gastrointestinal damage.12 In this study they also demonstrated that the DNA double stranded breaks, induced from radiation anticancer treatment, also activate a DNA receptor that is not present in melanoma 2 inflammasome; this would result in tissue damage and cell death. However, the bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a probiotic, has demonstrated  protection of the intestinal mucosa from radiation therapy-induced toxicity. This probiotic does this by using a TLR2/MyD88 signaling mechanism to reposit ion cyclooxygenase 2- expressing cells from the villi to the base of the intestinal crypts which induces reactive oxygen series, leading to activation of the NRF2 system; this system is cycloprotective.6 Therefore probiotics have some capabilities to prevent radiation-induced enteropathy. The probiotic composition that studies have found to be most beneficial are Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. bifidum, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.5 For clinical purposes, these probiotics can be used as a prophylactic strategy to limit the intestinal injury. All of these microorganisms have been proven to protect against gut toxicity from radiation anticancer treatments; this is greatly beneficial to the patients so they do not have to endure adverse effects, such as severe diarrhea, and can continue the treatments to increase their antitumor effectiveness. In contrast, some studies suggest that it is possible to predict whether or not a patient is going to have adverse effects to radiotherapy based off the presence of gut microbial dysbiosis or a well-balanced gut microbiome. They used pyrosequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene to reveal the microbial diversity in the hosts gut microbiome. The individuals that had a significantly altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio before the radiation cancer treatment, later developed diarrhea as an adverse effect from treatment. These results indicated that gut microbial dysbiosis before radiation antitumor therapy can be utilized to predict if the patient will develop adverse effects from treatment such as diarrhea.18 This knowledge could guide treatment plans to be tailored for the individual and could allow for preventative treatment options. Total body irradiation is usually used as a preparatory process for another type of anticancer treatment such as a bone marrow transplantation or adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. Contrary, to the logic of many of the studies in this review, germ-free mice were shown to survive longer than conventionally raised mice after total body irradiation, and actually required a higher dosage of radiation to induce intestinal disease and mortality.7 The germ free mice were reported to have less apoptotic cells of the intestinal mucosa and even less lymphocyte infiltration than the mice with regular gut microbiota.7 They hypothesized that this could be due to the germ-free mice having no gut microorganisms that could trigger mucosal inflammation or create damage from the radiation insult. One mechanism they were able to identify that contributed to the germ-free mice resistance to total body irradiation was the production of angiopoietin-like 4. This is a protein inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase that is normally suppressed by normal gut microbiota in the conventionally raised mice.12 This angiopoietin-like 4 protein, when knocked out of germ-free mice, causes the mice to be susceptible to the same intestinal damage as conventionally raised mice that block angiopoietin-like 4 protein. Interestingly, the transcription of angiopoietin-like 4 gene is regulated in response to certain gut bacteria; however, these same bacteria that induce angiopoietin-like 4 expression include Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus spp. that also mediate the protection against the localized received ionizing radiation therapy.12 This can provide an explanation for although most studies have shown that mice treated with probiotics and have a healthy microbiome are resistant to radiotherapy toxicity, germ-free mice can provide some resistance as well. Although most of these studies focus on the gut microbiota, there are studies that reveal how the oral microbiota can effect prediction of enteropathy as well from radiotherapy for  nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Rather than diarrhea as an adverse effect from pelvic radiotherapy, oral and oropharyngeal mucositis are the most common side effects of radiation anticancer therapy for head and neck cancers.20 Similarly to using gut microbial dysbiosis to predict whether the patient would develop adverse effects from treatment, the same can be done with analyzing the oral microbial community and its correlation with radiation-induced mucositis. The results demonstrated that patients with a higher percentage of Actinobacillus exhibited severe mucositis later on after treatment.20 Their findings also showed, similarly, that they can predict future incidence of mucositis during radiotherapy based on the oral microbiota prior to treatment. This is significant because not only can this applicatio n be applied with gut microbiota, it can be applied with the oral microbial community and many others throughout the body corresponding to different types of cancer. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy approaches are currently a popular topic to study and these immunological therapies have shown great potential in long-lasting responses. The efficacy of this type of treatment, however, is limited more than radiation therapy or chemotherapy because of the vast difference in immune responses of individual patients and the susceptibility of different tumor types. However, with new information about the ability of gut microbiota to modulate the hosts response to immunotherapy, it is possible to further study the possibility of improving immunotherapy efficacy by targeting these microbiota. One of the first examples of gut microbiota maintaining the anticancer effect of immunotherapy, was the demonstration that the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells following total body irradiation was reduced in mice treated with antibiotics.12 After the total body irradiation causes the translocation of microbiota into the secondary lymph nodes, the prolife ration of the transferred T cells in the tumor and their antitumor activity was enhanced. CpG- oligodeoxynucleotide intratumor therapy is an immunotherapy that uses the TLR9 agonist CpG- oligodeoxynucleotide to induce an antitumor effect. The antitumor effect is then increased when the immunosuppressive effect of IL-10 is prevented by using the IL-10 receptor antibodies. This method induces the secretion from myeloid cells of tumor necrosis factor and IL-12 that in turn cause hemorrhagic necrosis and can redirect tumor-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells from and anti-inflammatory to a pro-inflammatory state.12 There is an antigen-specific T cell antitumor that is elicited within this pro-inflammatory environment which results in the clearance of tumors in conventionally raised mice.12 This is not the case in germ-free mice or mice that have been treated with antibiotics. In these mice the tumors treated with CpG-ODNs and anti-IL-10R progress and the immunotherapy is inefficient. Finally, if the mice have a low amount of microbes, the myeloid cells do not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and the TNF-dependent hemorrhagic necrosis and antitumor immunity are not induced.12 In these tumors, of microbiota-depleted mice, the amount of infiltrating inflammatory monocytes before treatment were unchanged but the number of Ly6C+ major histocompatibility complex class II+ were reduced. This suggests that the differentiation of infiltrating inflammatory monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells is impaired. After CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide treatment, there are major differences in the gene expression of TNF and IL-12 in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell  subsets between microbe-depleted and conventionally raised mice.12 There is another reduction in the response to this treatment from TLR4 -deficient mice, however, treatment with the TLR4 agonist LPS to the microbe-depleted mice reinstitutes the responsiveness of the myeloid cells.12 The results from this study demonstrate that the gut microbiota primes the myeloid cells for sensitivity to TLR9. Another study using CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides showed that the CpG-ODNs correlates with the frequency of different genera in the faecal microbiome of mice at the time of treatment.12 Allistipes and Ruminococcus are positively correlated with TNF production, however, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus murinum, and Lactobacillus intestinalis are negatively correlated, meaning when one of the bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus were administered, there was an impairment of TNF production.12 This indicates that different types of bacterial species can have opposite effects; therefore, using antibiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics, can change the gut microbiota composition or frequency resulting in mediating the hosts response to immunotherapies. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is a final immunotherapy method that has been greatly studied and researched. In the majority of patients, the antitumor immune response is suppressed but can be reactivated by the release of certain signal factors. The immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are antibodies against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand PD1 ligand, exhibit strong antitumor activity in animal models and even long lasting clinical efficacy in cancer patients.12 Although this is a promising therapy, there is always the concern of variation of response between patients and between different types of cancers. These checkpoint inhibitors can also induce adverse effects such as colitis and inflammation of the pituitary gland in response to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibodies, and thyroid dysfunction and pneumonitis after the blockade of the PDL1-PDL1 interaction.14, 15 Two recent studies investigated the influence gut microbiota has on this type of immunotherapy, specifically how anticytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen blockade requires Bacteroides spp. and how Bifidobacterium spp. enhances the effectiveness of antiprogrammed cell death ligand 1 therapy.14, 15 In the first study, in mice and patients the T cell responses specific for B. thetaiotaomicron or B. fragilis correlated with the effectiveness of CTLA-4 blockade. This was confirmed because the tumors in the germ-free mice did not respond to the CTLA blockade, but when the mice were treated with B. fragilis, this defect was overcome.15 The second study compared melanoma growth in mice with particular commensal microbiota and then observed the differences in antitumor immunity. They then sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA which identified Bifidobacterium as associated with the antitumor effects. The administration of Bifidobacterium improved the tumor control as much as the programmed cell death prot ein 1 ligand 1- specific antibody treatment, and combination treatment almost ceased tumor growth.14 The results from these studies demonstrate that the mechanism of how anti-PDL1 treatment improves the antitumor immune response does not have to include microbiota inflammation and immune activation, like what is induced by anti-CTLA4. Anti-CTLA4 may alter the composition of the gut microbiota that favors its own antitumor activity. Yet, the effectiveness of the anti-PDL1 therapy is aided in hosts with a pre-existing antitumor immune response if Bifidobacterium spp. are within the gut microbiota.12 Microbiota and Lasting Effects from Treatment After the use of cancer treatments, many times there can be lasting effects even into adulthood from childhood cancer therapies. This study demonstrated that restoring the microbial diversity in patients suffering from immune dysregulation, as a result from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, could reduce chronic inflammation and reduce development of late adverse effects.4 They observed that adult survivors of childhood ALL all had microbial dysbiosis or lack of microbial diversity. The composition of host microbiota is crucial to immune activation, for example T cell activation and increased levels of IL-6 and CRP. Therefore, they hypothesized that the microbial dysbiosis was related to the background chronic inflammation in adult survivors. Additional studies would have to be performed to determine causation, but this study creates the possibility that therapeutic interventions that restore microbial diversity to the ALL survivors could help to reduce the long-term negative ef fects. Further research would need to be done to determine the proper mechanism to restore healthy microbial diversity to humans.   Ã‚   Figure 2 1 References 1. Alexander JL, Wilson ID, Teare J, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK, Kinross JM. Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology Hepatology. August 2017. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.20. paper 10 2.Bultman SJ. Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2013;35(2):249-255. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt392. paper 17 3. Champer M, Wong AM, Champer J, et al. The role of the vaginal microbiome in gynecological cancer: a review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology. 2017. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14631. paper 9 4. Chua LL, Rajasuriar R, Azanan MS, et al. Reduced microbial diversity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microbial associations with increased immune activation. Microbiome. 2017;5(1). doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0250-1. paper 7 5. Ciorba MA, Riehl TE, Rao MS, et al. Lactobacillus probiotic protects intestinal epithelium from radiation injury in a TLR-2/cyclo-oxygenase-2-dependent manner. Gut. 2011;61(6):829-838. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300367. paper 24 6. Ciorba MA, Stenson WF. Probiotic Therapy in Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury and Repair. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1165(1):190-194. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04029.x. paper 23 7. Cui M, Xiao H, Zhou L, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation protects against radiation induced toxicity. EMBOpress. 2017. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201606932. paper 2 8. Dubin K, Callahan MK, Ren B, et al. Intestinal microbiome analyses identify melanoma patients at risk for checkpoint-blockade-induced colitis. Nature Communications. 2016;7:10391. doi:10.1038/ncomms10391. paper 5 9. Galloway-Pena JR, Jenq RR, Shelburne SA. Can Consideration of the Microbiome Improve Antimicrobial Utilization and Treatment Outcomes in the Oncology Patient? Clinical Cancer Research. 2017. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3173. paper 8 10. Iida N, Dzutsev A, S

Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? Essay

Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? (The Guardian, 2012), Denis Campbell and Nicola Davison, says that the unlawful business in human organs special kidneys has advanced quickly and unexpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays many countries have wars so there are many poor people who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there are many sick people that felt desperation because they lost their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they needed to buy organs to stay alive. Other reason is because people have two kidneys so when they sell one kidney for important reasons, they won’t die. Most countries punish those people who sell their organs that is why in those countries there are many illegal trafficking of human organs, but in some countries trafficking human organs is legal like Iran. People who are trafficking human organs help other people to live a good life, also help sick people to feel healthy again and not to die. The desperation of many peo ple needing transplantation surgery and the poverty of many people with healthy organs often results in the trafficking of human organs. It’s a trade where the two persons win, because trafficking human organs help many poor people who don't have money to buy food or clothes by selling their organs that they can live without for money to the sick people who need this organ to stay alive. Selling organs can help the sick person to stay alive and give the poor person money to help his family from humiliating life. I read something posted on (ALL THINGS PAKISTAN blog, 2007) about a poor Pakistani guy who holds with his hand a paper with a sign that says â€Å"Would you buy my kidney please?.† I think ... ...can help many people. References All things pakistan blog. In (2007). Retrieved from http://pakistaniat.com/2007/10/17/would-you-like-to-buy-my-kidney-please/ Caplan, A. R., & Arp, R. (eds.) (2013). Contemporary debates in bioethics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.kw/books?id=-RsoAAAAQBAJ&dq=how much does the middle man make trafficking organs&source=gbs_navlinks_s Denis, C., & Davison, N. (2012). The guardian. In Shanghai : Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/27/kidney-trade-illegal-operations-who Gross, R. (2008). Noblesse oblige blog. In Retrieved from http://noblesseoblige.org/2008/01/12/egyptian-man-sells-wives-kidney-on-black-market/ Parry, W. (2012). How poverty, false promises, fuel illegal organ trafficking. In Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/19237-illegal-kidney-organ-trade.html Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? Essay Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? (The Guardian, 2012), Denis Campbell and Nicola Davison, says that the unlawful business in human organs special kidneys has advanced quickly and unexpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays many countries have wars so there are many poor people who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there are many sick people that felt desperation because they lost their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they needed to buy organs to stay alive. Other reason is because people have two kidneys so when they sell one kidney for important reasons, they won’t die. Most countries punish those people who sell their organs that is why in those countries there are many illegal trafficking of human organs, but in some countries trafficking human organs is legal like Iran. People who are trafficking human organs help other people to live a good life, also help sick people to feel healthy again and not to die. The desperation of many peo ple needing transplantation surgery and the poverty of many people with healthy organs often results in the trafficking of human organs. It’s a trade where the two persons win, because trafficking human organs help many poor people who don't have money to buy food or clothes by selling their organs that they can live without for money to the sick people who need this organ to stay alive. Selling organs can help the sick person to stay alive and give the poor person money to help his family from humiliating life. I read something posted on (ALL THINGS PAKISTAN blog, 2007) about a poor Pakistani guy who holds with his hand a paper with a sign that says â€Å"Would you buy my kidney please?.† I think ... ...can help many people. References All things pakistan blog. In (2007). Retrieved from http://pakistaniat.com/2007/10/17/would-you-like-to-buy-my-kidney-please/ Caplan, A. R., & Arp, R. (eds.) (2013). Contemporary debates in bioethics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.kw/books?id=-RsoAAAAQBAJ&dq=how much does the middle man make trafficking organs&source=gbs_navlinks_s Denis, C., & Davison, N. (2012). The guardian. In Shanghai : Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/27/kidney-trade-illegal-operations-who Gross, R. (2008). Noblesse oblige blog. In Retrieved from http://noblesseoblige.org/2008/01/12/egyptian-man-sells-wives-kidney-on-black-market/ Parry, W. (2012). How poverty, false promises, fuel illegal organ trafficking. In Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/19237-illegal-kidney-organ-trade.html

Poverty in Philippines Essay

Life is a risking adventure. We commit a lot of obstacles and problems that sometimes pull our hopes down. Watching the documentary creates several feelings about the situations and it brings realizations after and while watching it. First of all, the documentary speaks about a family in Eastern Visayas wherein it reflects a serious poverty in the Philippines. The family experienced or still experiencing sufferings about their whole-life situation. The couples had ten sons and daughters all in all but only six of them were there current priorities. It must be easy for rich families to handle those six responsibilities but for them, it was a serious life challenge. Within a day, eating two meals is the best they can. Green vegetables with rice are considered a delightful meal for them. Because mostly, a piece of bread given by a neighbor or a soup considering rice mixed with water and salt was there food for breakfast while for lunch is still basing for the outcome of their unstable work. They are indeed suffering for poverty – or maybe beyond poverty. As an individual watching an uncommon documentary, I felt a lot of course. First, I felt pity for the whole family but mostly for the children. Children must be playing so free with a full tank – stomach with other kids, educating themselves in school, but what other children of their family do was working too, for the sake of the majority’s food. It was a punch on the heart to see those. Second, I feel so degraded yet fortunate. I am ashamed of myself because they really spend sweats and strengths for their daily benefits while most of us almost take spoon feed from our parents. But I felt so fortunate because even sometimes I feel so poor because of usual money-shortage; I realized how others’ seek hard for a one peso coin. Therefore, the documentary conscientisize most of us, but in a moral way I think. It aroused our conscience not to disgust ourselves because of realizations on mistakes but to change for the better. I am thinking that after watching the documentary, most of the viewer’s felt what I felt too, realized what I realized too, and will change as I’ll change. Starting now, I want to try giving importance with money. I want to encourage myself not to be hopeless in times of struggles. I’ll earn, try my best not to spoil and waste foods, and I will always ask for guidance to God for Him to help me conquer every obstacle. Because life is a risking adventure.